Kalanchoe plants are renowned for their bright, colorful flowers and easy-to-maintain nature, making them a favorite choice for both novice and seasoned gardeners.
This comprehensive guide provides everything you need to know about Kalanchoe plant care, from selecting the right species to ensuring it thrives indoors or outdoors. Whether you’re growing your Kalanchoe as a houseplant or in the garden, this guide will help you understand its needs for light, water, temperature, and more.
Introduction to the Kalanchoe Plant
The Kalanchoe (pronounced kal-un-KOH-ee) is a succulent plant belonging to the Crassulaceae family. With over 100 species, Kalanchoe plants are most commonly known for their small, vibrant flowers and scalloped-edged, thick leaves. The most popular type, Kalanchoe blossfeldiana, also known as flaming Katy or window’s thrill, displays clusters of bright blooms in shades of red, pink, yellow, orange, and white. These beautiful plants are drought-tolerant, easy to grow, and bloom profusely under the right conditions.
Quick Facts:
- Common Names: Flaming Katy, florist’s Kalanchoe, Christmas Kalanchoe
- Botanical Name: Kalanchoe blossfeldiana
- Family: Crassulaceae
- Plant Type: Perennial succulent
- Mature Size: 6 to 18 inches tall and wide
- Sun Exposure: Full sun to partial shade
- Soil Type: Well-drained, sandy or loamy
- Soil pH: Neutral to slightly alkaline
- Bloom Time: Seasonal bloomer
- Flower Colors: Red, pink, yellow, orange, salmon, white
- Hardiness Zones: 10-12 (USDA)
- Native Area: Madagascar
- Toxicity: Toxic to cats and dogs
Kalanchoe Plant Care Guide
Caring for a Kalanchoe plant is straightforward once you understand its basic needs. These succulents are tough, resilient, and thrive in environments with minimal water and bright light.
Light Requirements
Kalanchoe plants thrive in environments with plenty of bright, indirect light. When grown indoors, positioning the plant near a bright window is ideal, but it’s essential to avoid direct sunlight for extended periods, as this can lead to leaf burn. East- or west-facing windows are usually the best locations for indoor Kalanchoes because they provide a balance of bright, indirect sunlight during the day without too much exposure to the harsh midday sun.
If you are growing Kalanchoe outdoors, it’s important to choose a spot that offers partial shade. While Kalanchoe can tolerate full sun in the early morning, the intense rays of the afternoon sun can cause the leaves to scorch and lose their vibrant color. In regions with hot climates, afternoon shade is crucial to protect the plant from overheating. Overexposure to direct sunlight, particularly in hot climates, can cause sunburn on the leaves, leading to brown, crispy spots that damage the plant’s appearance and health.
On the other hand, insufficient light can lead to another issue: leggy growth. If your Kalanchoe isn’t receiving enough light, you may notice that the stems start to stretch or grow taller than usual. This phenomenon, known as etiolation, occurs because the plant is reaching out for more sunlight, resulting in long, weak stems and fewer leaves. In addition to stretching, the plant’s leaves may lose their characteristic deep green color, becoming pale or dull. If you observe these signs, try moving your plant to a location where it receives more light.
Soil Conditions
Kalanchoe plants thrive in well-draining soil, which is crucial for preventing water retention that could lead to root rot. Whether grown indoors or outdoors, proper soil composition plays a vital role in the health and longevity of the plant.
Outdoor Soil Mix
When planting Kalanchoe outdoors, loamy or sandy soil is ideal. These types of soil naturally promote good drainage while allowing enough airflow to the roots. The plant prefers soil that doesn’t stay soggy after watering, as excessive moisture can cause fungal diseases and root problems. Amending your garden soil with sand or perlite can enhance drainage if your outdoor soil tends to retain too much moisture.
Indoor Potting Mix
For indoor Kalanchoe, it’s essential to create a soil mix that mimics the well-draining properties of outdoor conditions. A common recommendation is a porous blend that combines regular potting soil with materials that improve drainage. The two most effective indoor soil mixtures are:
- 50% regular potting soil mixed with 50% cactus mix. Cactus mix is specifically designed for succulents and helps prevent water from sitting in the soil.
- 60% potting soil mixed with 40% perlite, which adds extra aeration and drainage. Perlite is a lightweight, porous material that prevents compacting and keeps the roots from sitting in water.
Both mixtures ensure that the soil dries out quickly between waterings, which is essential for Kalanchoe’s growth.
Choosing the Right Pot
For indoor Kalanchoe, it’s best to use clay pots. Clay pots are porous, allowing moisture to evaporate more easily from the soil, which keeps the root zone drier. This feature is especially important for Kalanchoe, as it is a succulent and sensitive to overwatering. The porous nature of clay also helps regulate soil moisture levels, reducing the risk of root rot.
Additionally, make sure that your pot has drainage holes. Excess water should be able to escape freely, preventing the soil from becoming waterlogged.
Watering Schedule
Kalanchoe plants are drought-tolerant, making them ideal for those who prefer low-maintenance plants. Understanding their watering needs is key to keeping them healthy and avoiding common issues like root rot.
General Watering Guidelines
The most important rule for watering Kalanchoe is to let the soil dry out completely between waterings. Kalanchoes store water in their thick, fleshy leaves, allowing them to go for extended periods without water. Overwatering is the most common mistake, as these plants are prone to root rot if left in overly wet conditions.
On average, you should water your Kalanchoe once every two to three weeks. However, the exact frequency depends on several factors, such as the temperature, humidity, and the amount of sunlight the plant receives. For example, during hotter months or in brighter conditions, your Kalanchoe may need water slightly more frequently. In contrast, in cooler or lower light conditions, the soil will take longer to dry, so less frequent watering is needed.
Watering During the Growing Season
In spring and summer, when Kalanchoe is actively growing, it typically requires more regular watering. Check the soil moisture by sticking your finger about an inch into the soil. If the soil feels dry, it’s time to water. When watering, ensure you give the plant a thorough soaking until water drains out of the bottom of the pot, but don’t let the plant sit in standing water. Allow excess water to drain away completely.
Watering in Winter
Kalanchoe enters a period of dormancy during the cooler months, typically in fall and winter. During this time, the plant requires much less water, as its growth slows down, and the evaporation rate decreases. In winter, you can reduce watering to once a month or even less, depending on how dry the environment is. Always make sure the soil is fully dry before watering during this dormant phase.
Temperature and Humidity
Kalanchoe plants are native to warm, tropical environments, and as such, they thrive in moderate temperatures. They are relatively easy to care for in terms of temperature and humidity, but it’s essential to provide the right conditions to ensure healthy growth and prolonged blooming.
Ideal Temperature Range
Kalanchoes flourish in temperatures between 55°F and 80°F (13°C to 27°C). These temperatures mimic the plant’s natural habitat and provide the optimal environment for growth.
- Daytime temperatures: During the day, temperatures between 70°F and 80°F (21°C to 27°C) are ideal. This range promotes active growth, vibrant foliage, and plentiful blooms.
- Nighttime temperatures: At night, temperatures can dip slightly, but should remain above 55°F (13°C). Consistent nighttime temperatures in this range help the plant to rest while avoiding stress caused by temperature fluctuations.
Protection from Frost
Kalanchoe is not frost-tolerant, and exposure to cold temperatures can be detrimental, often leading to damaged leaves or even death. If you are growing Kalanchoe outdoors, it is crucial to bring the plants indoors or to a sheltered space when nighttime temperatures drop below 60°F (15°C). Even brief exposure to frost or freezing temperatures (below 32°F or 0°C) can cause permanent damage, as Kalanchoe’s fleshy leaves and stems are highly susceptible to cold.
Seasonal Considerations
- Summer: During hot summer months, especially if grown outdoors, ensure your Kalanchoe is not exposed to extreme heat (above 85°F or 29°C). If temperatures exceed this range, move the plant to a partially shaded area to prevent leaf wilting or sunburn.
- Winter: As winter approaches, monitor outdoor temperatures closely. Indoors, keep the plant in a warm room away from drafty windows or cold air vents.
Indoor Temperature Management
Indoors, Kalanchoe can easily adapt to most household temperatures, as long as they remain within the 55°F to 80°F range. Avoid placing the plant in spots where it might be exposed to extreme temperature changes, such as near radiators, fireplaces, or air conditioning units, which could dry out the plant or cause stress.
Humidity Levels
One of the best features of Kalanchoe is that it’s not fussy about humidity. This succulent thrives in typical household humidity levels, which usually range from 30% to 50%. You won’t need to make any special adjustments to increase or decrease humidity for your plant.
In dry, arid climates, Kalanchoe can still perform well, as its thick leaves store water, helping it tolerate lower humidity levels. In contrast, high humidity environments (above 60%) may promote the growth of pests like aphids or cause fungal issues. If you notice mold or mildew on the leaves, consider increasing air circulation around the plant or moving it to a less humid location.
Managing Temperature and Humidity
- In winter months, when indoor heating can dry the air, Kalanchoe’s water-storing leaves help it manage lower humidity, so you don’t need to mist the plant or use a humidifier.
- If temperatures rise above 80°F indoors or outdoors, ensure good airflow around the plant, as excessive heat can lead to leaf damage.
Fertilizing Kalanchoe
Kalanchoe plants are not known to be heavy feeders, but providing them with the right amount of nutrients at the right time can greatly enhance their growth and blooming potential. Proper fertilization ensures that the plant maintains vibrant foliage and produces an abundance of colorful flowers, especially during the active growing season.
When to Fertilize Kalanchoe
Kalanchoe benefits most from fertilization during its active growing season, which typically spans from spring through summer. During this period, the plant experiences rapid growth, and supplemental nutrients can support both healthy foliage and prolific blooming.
- Spring and summer: Fertilize once a month with a balanced liquid fertilizer. This is the time when the plant is most active and will use the nutrients to support growth and flower production.
- Fall and winter: Avoid fertilizing during the colder months, as Kalanchoe enters a dormant period. Fertilizing during dormancy can overwhelm the plant, leading to nutrient buildup in the soil, which may harm the roots.
Types of Fertilizers for Kalanchoe
- Balanced Fertilizer (All-purpose): During the growing season, Kalanchoe responds well to a balanced liquid fertilizer with an equal ratio of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K). A typical ratio like 20-20-20 or 10-10-10 works well, as it provides all the necessary macronutrients without overfeeding the plant.
- Nitrogen (N): Promotes leafy green growth, which is important for overall plant health.
- Phosphorus (P): Supports flower development and helps in root growth.
- Potassium (K): Aids in strengthening the plant’s structure and enhances disease resistance.
- Phosphorus-Rich Fertilizer: If your Kalanchoe plant is not flowering as profusely as expected, switching to a phosphorus-rich fertilizer can encourage more blooms. Phosphorus is vital for flower production, and a fertilizer with a higher phosphorus ratio, such as 10-20-10 or 15-30-15, can help promote a healthier, fuller bloom cycle.
- Look for fertilizers labeled as “bloom boosters”, which are specifically designed to support flowering plants.
- Organic Fertilizers: If you prefer organic gardening, Kalanchoe can also benefit from organic fertilizers such as compost tea, fish emulsion, or worm castings. These fertilizers are typically slower to release nutrients but provide a steady supply of micronutrients that promote healthy soil and plant growth.
How to Apply Fertilizer
- Dilute the fertilizer: Since Kalanchoe is a succulent and can be sensitive to over-fertilization, always dilute the liquid fertilizer to half the recommended strength. This ensures that the plant receives nutrients gradually, minimizing the risk of fertilizer burn.
- Water the plant before fertilizing: To prevent root burn, it’s a good practice to water the plant thoroughly before applying the fertilizer. This allows the roots to absorb the nutrients more effectively and reduces the risk of over-concentration in the soil.
- Apply during the active growth phase: Feed your Kalanchoe once a month during spring and summer. Ensure the soil is well-drained, and do not allow excess fertilizer to pool at the base of the plant.
- Monitor for over-fertilization: Signs of over-fertilization include browning leaf tips, yellowing leaves, or stunted growth. If these symptoms appear, stop fertilizing and flush the soil with water to remove excess salts.
Fertilizing Potted vs. Outdoor Kalanchoe
- Potted Kalanchoe: Indoor plants typically need more regular fertilization than those grown outdoors. Indoor plants rely solely on the nutrients provided in the potting mix and through fertilization, as they don’t have access to natural soil replenishment.
- Outdoor Kalanchoe: Garden-grown Kalanchoe plants generally require less frequent feeding because outdoor soil may naturally provide nutrients. A single light feeding in early spring can be sufficient for outdoor plants.
What to Avoid
- Avoid fertilizing during dormancy: In fall and winter, Kalanchoe’s growth slows down significantly as the plant enters dormancy. Fertilizing during this time can disrupt the plant’s natural cycle and lead to nutrient buildup, which can damage the roots.
- Do not over-fertilize: Excessive fertilization can lead to salt buildup in the soil, which causes root damage. Always follow the recommended dosage, and remember that Kalanchoe prefers light, infrequent feedings rather than heavy, regular applications.
How to Propagate Kalanchoe
Kalanchoe plants are incredibly easy to propagate, giving you more plants with minimal effort. There are two common methods for propagating Kalanchoe: through offsets and stem cuttings.
Propagating Kalanchoe from Offsets
- Locate Offsets: Small plantlets or offsets grow along the edges of Kalanchoe leaves. These can be pruned and used for propagation.
- Remove the Offset: Use a clean, sharp knife or scissors to carefully remove the offset from the mother plant.
- Dry the Offset: Allow the offset to dry for a day or two, letting the cut area callous over.
- Plant the Offset: Place the calloused offset into a well-draining soil mix. Water sparingly until the offset begins to establish roots, which usually happens within a few weeks.
Propagating Kalanchoe from Stem Cuttings
- Take a Cutting: Cut a healthy stem from your Kalanchoe, at least several inches long.
- Let it Heal: Allow the cutting to dry for a few days until the cut surface has calloused.
- Plant the Cutting: Dip the cut end in rooting hormone and place it in the same type of well-draining soil used for the parent plant.
- Care for the Cutting: Keep the cutting in bright, indirect light, and avoid watering for the first few weeks. The cutting should root within a month.
Kalanchoe Bloom Cycle and Encouraging Reblooming
Kalanchoe plants are seasonal bloomers, typically producing flowers in late winter and early spring. However, with proper care and attention, you can encourage your plant to rebloom throughout the year.
How to Encourage Kalanchoe to Bloom
To ensure your Kalanchoe blooms to its full potential, it needs at least 6 to 8 hours of bright, indirect sunlight each day. In addition, it requires a prolonged period of darkness—about 14 hours each day—for six weeks in the fall and winter to reset its bloom cycle.
Once the plant has gone through this period, it will start to produce vibrant blooms again in the spring. Continue to deadhead spent flowers to encourage new blooms.
Tips for More Blooms:
- Deadheading: Regularly remove dead flowers to promote new buds.
- Light Management: During the blooming season, make sure your plant gets enough bright light.
- Use a Fertilizer: A phosphorus-rich fertilizer will boost bloom production.
Common Problems with Kalanchoe
While Kalanchoes are low-maintenance plants, they can encounter a few common problems. Most issues stem from improper watering or lighting conditions.
Overwatering
This is the most frequent issue with Kalanchoes. Overwatering can lead to root rot, soft stems, and eventual plant death. Ensure that the soil dries out completely between waterings and that the plant is potted in a well-draining soil mix.
Sunburn or Leggy Growth
Too much direct sunlight can cause sunburn, which appears as brown, scorched patches on the leaves. On the other hand, insufficient light can cause the stems to become leggy, making the plant look stretched out and weak.
Pests
Aphids are common pests that can affect Kalanchoes, particularly on new growth. Check for aphids regularly, especially on the undersides of leaves. A strong spray of water is often enough to dislodge these pests.
Failure to Bloom
If your Kalanchoe isn’t blooming, it may not be getting enough light or experiencing the necessary darkness during the winter months. Ensure it gets 6 to 8 hours of light during the day and complete darkness at night for 14 hours for about six weeks to reset its bloom cycle.
Conclusion
Kalanchoe plants are a wonderful addition to any home or garden, offering beauty, resilience, and a long-lasting bloom cycle when properly cared for. From selecting the right soil to managing their bloom cycles, the Kalanchoe plant is one of the most versatile and easy-to-care-for succulents. By following this detailed guide, you’ll enjoy the vibrant colors and lush growth of this lovely plant year after year.
Whether you’re an experienced gardener or new to houseplants, Kalanchoe plants are a fantastic choice for brightening up your space with minimal effort. Start your journey with Kalanchoe today, and watch as its cheerful flowers bring life to your home!
