Foxgloves (Digitalis purpurea) are stunning biennial or short-lived perennial plants known for their towering spikes of tubular flowers in shades of purple, pink, white, and yellow. These plants, native to Europe, are both striking in the garden and beneficial to pollinators such as bees and hummingbirds.
However, to grow a healthy and beautiful foxglove garden, you must understand its care needs, growth habits, and ideal growing conditions. This comprehensive guide will provide you with everything you need to know about common foxglove care and growing.
What Is Common Foxglove (Digitalis purpurea)?
The Origins and Characteristics of Foxglove
Common foxglove, scientifically known as Digitalis purpurea, belongs to the family Plantaginaceae. These plants are biennials in most regions, meaning they grow for two years. The first year is focused on vegetative growth, while the second year produces flowers and seeds. In some cases, they may act as perennials, reappearing for several seasons if conditions are favorable.
Foxgloves are characterized by their tall spikes of flowers, which can grow anywhere from 2 to 5 feet (60 to 150 cm) in height. The flowers are tubular and grow in clusters along the spikes. The blooms are typically pink or purple but may also appear in white or yellow varieties.
While foxgloves are admired for their beauty, it’s important to note that they are toxic if ingested. They contain compounds known as cardiac glycosides, which can affect the heart if consumed by humans or pets.
Ideal Growing Conditions for Foxglove
To ensure your foxglove thrives, it’s important to understand the environmental factors that will promote its best growth. These include sunlight, soil quality, and temperature.
Sunlight Requirements
Foxgloves prefer full to partial sun. In cooler climates, full sun will help the plant grow vigorously and produce abundant flowers. However, in hotter climates, partial shade is often better to prevent the plant from becoming stressed or scorched by the intense afternoon sun. Ideally, foxgloves need at least 4 to 6 hours of sunlight a day.
Soil and Drainage
Foxgloves prefer well-draining, moist, yet slightly acidic to neutral soil. Soil that is rich in organic matter will help retain moisture while providing essential nutrients to the plants. It is also important to ensure proper drainage, as foxgloves do not tolerate waterlogged soil.
To improve soil drainage, consider adding compost or well-rotted manure. If you have heavy clay soil, amend it with sand or gravel to enhance water flow.
Temperature and Climate
Foxgloves are hardy in USDA Zones 4 through 9, meaning they can withstand cooler temperatures and even light frosts. However, they prefer mild temperatures, typically between 60°F and 70°F (15°C and 21°C). Foxgloves may struggle during extreme heat or high humidity, so it’s important to monitor the weather and provide partial shade if needed during hot spells.
Planting Foxglove
When to Plant Foxglove
The best time to plant foxglove depends on your region and the type of foxglove you’re planting. For most gardeners, it’s best to plant foxgloves in early spring or fall. In cooler climates, fall planting allows the seeds to establish before the cold winter months, while in warmer regions, spring planting helps to avoid the intense heat of summer.
Starting Foxglove from Seed
Foxgloves are most commonly propagated from seed. Starting seeds indoors can give you a head start on the growing season. Here’s a simple guide for sowing foxglove seeds:
- Sow Seeds Indoors: Plant seeds 6-8 weeks before the last expected frost date.
- Use a Seed Tray: Fill a seed tray with a seed-starting mix and scatter the tiny foxglove seeds on top. Do not bury them, as they need light to germinate.
- Provide Warmth and Moisture: Keep the tray in a warm location (around 65°F or 18°C) and mist with water regularly to keep the soil moist.
- Transplant Outdoors: Once the seedlings have developed a few sets of leaves and the weather is warm, harden them off by gradually exposing them to outdoor conditions for a few days before transplanting them into your garden.
Direct Sowing Outdoors
In warmer climates, you can directly sow foxglove seeds outdoors. Choose a well-prepared site with fertile, well-draining soil and sow the seeds in early spring or late fall. Scatter the seeds evenly over the soil surface and gently rake them in. Water gently, keeping the soil moist but not soggy. Keep in mind that foxgloves take 1 to 2 years to flower from seed.
Caring for Your Foxglove Plants
Once your foxglove seedlings or plants are established, proper care will ensure they thrive and produce their stunning flowers. Here are some essential care tips:
Watering
Foxgloves require consistent moisture, especially during their growing season. However, they do not like to sit in waterlogged soil. Water the plants deeply when the soil feels dry about 1 inch (2.5 cm) deep. It’s important to avoid overhead watering, as this can promote fungal diseases. Water the base of the plant directly, keeping the foliage dry.
Fertilizing
Foxgloves benefit from periodic feeding to promote healthy growth and vibrant blooms. In early spring, apply a balanced, slow-release fertilizer to the soil around your foxgloves. You can also supplement with a liquid fertilizer once a month during the growing season. If your soil is rich in organic matter, you may not need to fertilize as frequently.
Pruning and Deadheading
To maintain the health and appearance of your foxglove plants, you should prune them regularly. Remove dead or damaged leaves to prevent the spread of disease. Once the flowering period has passed, remove the spent flower spikes (deadheading). This will encourage the plant to focus its energy on producing seeds and promoting the overall health of the plant. If you want to prevent self-seeding, make sure to deadhead the flowers before they go to seed.
Supporting Tall Stems
Foxgloves grow tall and may require support to prevent their flower spikes from flopping over. Consider using stakes, plant supports, or grow them near structures like fences to provide support for their long, heavy stems.
Pests and Diseases
Foxgloves are generally hardy and resistant to pests, but they can occasionally face issues with aphids, snails, and slugs. Regularly inspect your plants for these pests and take action if necessary, using organic methods like neem oil or insecticidal soap.
Foxgloves can also be susceptible to fungal diseases, such as powdery mildew and rust. To prevent these, make sure your plants have good air circulation and avoid overhead watering. If fungal issues arise, treat your plants with a fungicide or remove affected leaves immediately.
Common Foxglove Varieties
There are several varieties of foxglove that you can choose from, each with its own unique color and growth habit. Some popular options include:
- Digitalis purpurea ‘Pam’s Choice’: Known for its rich purple flowers and tall spikes.
- Digitalis purpurea ‘Alba’: This variety features pure white blooms for a striking contrast in the garden.
- Digitalis purpurea ‘Pink Panther’: A pink variety with elegant bell-shaped flowers.
- Digitalis purpurea ‘Dalmatian’: A compact variety ideal for smaller gardens.
Foxglove Companion Plants
If you’re looking to plant foxgloves alongside other plants, consider the following companion plants that share similar growing requirements:
- Astilbe: Prefers similar soil conditions and can add a pop of color with its feathery blooms.
- Lavender: The silvery foliage and fragrant flowers of lavender complement foxglove well.
- Bee Balm: This plant attracts pollinators, much like foxglove, and adds a burst of color.
- Lungwort (Pulmonaria): Known for its attractive foliage and early spring flowers.
Conclusion
Common foxglove (Digitalis purpurea) is a remarkable plant that can add beauty and drama to your garden. By understanding its growing conditions, providing the right care, and selecting the right variety, you can cultivate stunning foxglove plants that will bloom year after year. Whether grown from seed or purchased as a young plant, foxgloves are a rewarding addition to any garden. Remember to watch out for their toxicity and ensure that pets and children do not ingest the plants. Happy gardening!
